New Delhi, India, 2025 — India, the world’s largest democracy, is celebrated for its vibrant electoral system and diverse political landscape. Yet, beneath the surface, a growing threat looms: the rise of authoritarianism cloaked in democratic garb. As leaders across the globe consolidate power under the guise of democratic mandates, India is not immune to this troubling trend.

This article explores how authoritarian tendencies manifest within the democratic framework in India, sparking debates about the fragility of the nation’s democracy and its resilience in the face of systemic challenges.

---

The Subtle Rise of Authoritarianism in India

1. Centralization of Power

While India’s federal structure ensures shared governance, critics argue that recent trends point to a consolidation of power at the center.

• Example: The abrogation of Article 370 in 2019, which stripped Jammu and Kashmir of its special status, was executed without significant consultation with regional stakeholders.
• Controversy: While the government justified the move as a step towards integration, critics called it a blow to federalism and regional autonomy.

2. Undermining of Democratic Institutions

Key democratic institutions, including the judiciary and the Election Commission, have faced allegations of bias and executive interference.

• Data: A PRS Legislative Research (2024) report highlighted delays in judicial appointments and concerns over the independence of the judiciary.
• Impact: Perceived bias erodes public trust in these institutions, weakening the democratic framework.

3. Electoral Dominance and Limited Opposition

The dominance of a single political party in national politics has led to concerns about the marginalization of opposition voices.

• Fact: In the 2024 General Elections, the ruling party won over 80% of seats, leaving the opposition fractured and underrepresented.
• Controversy: Critics argue that the lack of a robust opposition limits checks on the government’s power, paving the way for authoritarian governance.

---

Authoritarianism Under the Guise of Populism

1. Populist Rhetoric and Public Support

Populist leaders often position themselves as representatives of “the people” while sidelining dissenting voices.

• Example: Recent speeches during the 2024 elections focused heavily on nationalist themes, overshadowing critical discussions on unemployment and inflation.
• Controversy: While populism garners mass appeal, it often sidelines meaningful policy debates, creating a democracy driven by rhetoric rather than substance.

2. Media Control and Narrative Building

The role of media in shaping public opinion is crucial, yet increasing corporate and political control has raised alarms.

• Fact: India ranked 150th in the World Press Freedom Index (2024), indicating a decline in journalistic independence.
• Example: Investigative journalists reporting on corruption or policy failures face growing legal and physical threats, limiting critical discourse.

---

The Threat to Civil Liberties

1. Surveillance and Privacy Concerns

Expanding surveillance programs have sparked debates on privacy and state control.

• Example: The Aadhaar system, while hailed for streamlining welfare, has faced criticism for potential misuse in monitoring citizens.
• Data: A Ministry of Home Affairs (2024) report confirmed a 40% increase in surveillance activities over the past five years.
• Controversy: Critics argue that unchecked surveillance risks creating a state where dissent is stifled.

2. Crackdown on Dissent

Protests and activism, hallmarks of a thriving democracy, increasingly face suppression.

• Example: The handling of the farmers’ protests (2020–21), including internet shutdowns and arrests, drew both national and international criticism.
• Impact: Such actions raise questions about the state’s commitment to democratic freedoms.

---

Lessons from Global Trends

1. Russia’s Managed Democracy

• Reality: Elections exist, but meaningful opposition and press freedom are stifled.
• Lesson for India: Safeguarding institutions and civil liberties is essential to prevent a similar erosion of democracy.

2. Turkey’s Shift to Authoritarianism

• Reality: Constitutional changes have concentrated power in the presidency, weakening parliamentary authority.
• Lesson for India: Maintaining a balance of power between branches of government is critical.

3. United States and Political Polarization

• Reality: Deep divisions have challenged the integrity of democratic institutions.
• Lesson for India: Promoting inclusive discourse can counteract divisive tendencies.

---

Pathways to Safeguard India’s Democracy

1. Strengthening Institutions

• Ensure judicial and electoral independence through transparent appointments and funding.
• Recommendation: A 2025 PRS Legislative Research Report calls for greater accountability in judicial processes.

2. Protecting Media Freedom

• Introduce stronger protections for journalists and enforce penalties for attacks on the press.

3. Promoting Civic Education

• Foster awareness among citizens about their rights and the importance of democratic institutions.

4. Transparent Governance

• Increase transparency in decision-making processes to rebuild public trust.

---

Conclusion: A Call for Vigilance

India’s democracy, while resilient, faces challenges that demand urgent attention. Authoritarian tendencies disguised as populist governance risk undermining the nation’s democratic ethos. Safeguarding democracy requires collective vigilance, robust institutions, and an engaged citizenry willing to hold leaders accountable.

As global and domestic pressures mount, India must reaffirm its commitment to democratic principles to ensure that governance remains of the people, by the people, and for the people—free from the shadow of authoritarianism in disguise.